e. Crypto11 votes, 26 comments. Assume your typical 9-handed loose/passive 1/2 game with 3-4 people calling raises every hand. Position (button) or good pot odds (BB) can counteract this to an extent, but if you are MP versus UTG open in a 6 max environment 3 betting hands like 66, JTs or AJo is simply not going to be profitable. An ideal preflop range will take into account. I'd recommend AJo+, AXs, KQo, 55+, 87s+, 76s/65s at low. Generally your range should be tight as fuck from SB vs UTG so something like 88-QQ, AK, AQ, KQs, AJs. Any time we open-raise, we should have a plan of what to do when facing a 3-bet. 6 BB…Best Online Poker Sites. our UTG opening range is 44+,ATs+,KTs+,QTs+,J9s+,T9s,98s,87s,76s,65s,AJo+,KQo villians 3bet range vs. Business, Economics, and Finance. This raising range works out at about 11% of holdings. Against a tight 12% early position opening range, we'll typically be looking to get involved by calling or 3-betting with the following hand selection. You’ll have to “get through more players”. How you do it involves some understanding of technical software minutia, and I'd suggest getting a coach w/ a. Get The Preflop Advantage now! GTO Preflop 6-Max Cash Game Ranges. Most of the UTG opening range has a ton of equity against AJo. To compensate for the lack of information when opening first, you should stick to a tight range of strong hands, including high-pocket pairs, suited aces, and suited broadway hands, to maximize your chances of winning the pot. If your opponent have fold to steal of 40% and 3b of 20% you have to narrow down your opening range to 35-40% so even smaller. i used to open very nitty from ep and mp and it worked well from 2nl to 10nl. Limping is awesome!! Just, don’t do it 50% of the time. Decrease the frequency of opening "second best" hands like ATo, QJo, etc. I open CO with 88 to 2. If you open the pot by calling the BB, it is called limping. Against a 3x open, it calls a little more and 3-bets a little less, but 3-betting is still preferred). r/poker A chip A close button A chip A close button13 votes, 24 comments. Learn hand charts for every spot in the poker. Hey everyone, Please take a look at my open raising ranges from the various positions. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. If he is opening 16% of combos then 1326 * . In these scenarios no one has raised yet. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Then reducing to 3x for HJ, 2. might not just open tho might have a plan to limp/3b maybe open/4b jam just really depends on a lot of factors. Under The Gun (UTG): any pair, suited aces, suited connectors, suited broadway cards, AQ, AK. its funny you say that because when I was looser in UTG and UTG+1 (completely different ranges btw, AQo is in my raising range for UTG+1 in 8-9 max), i was a loosing player. We. These hands perform poorly against tight ranges since they are frequently dominated. 1x CO/ HERO (40 BB deep): Ad Tc calls Folds throughI'm trying to build my opening range UTG. hi i have doupts about my adjustments. This may seem high, but with just one player to get through and 1. 59% equity. Now given this 5x I'm putting player on Broadway hands. It wasn't a cooler. also every opening position has a different percentage of hands that it is acceptable to 3 bet. Obviously you can use their VPIP/PFR stats to make some "standard" ranges that they likely have. e. The Preflop Advantage contains 362 GTO preflop ranges for 6-max cash games. " She was unable to interpret the information, and made a mistake. You would open super tight in that situation. Blinds 100/200/20. Remember that GTO (Game Theory Optimal) play is just a guideline and should be adapted based on the specific players and situations you encounter at your table. Under The Gun (UTG): any pair, suited aces, suited connectors, suited broadway cards, AQ, AK. The hands in red represent the starting hand range you should play from UTG. 25/. Leo McClean Jeff Rossiter raised to 160,000 from UTG with and Robin Ylitalo made it 425,000 on the button with. Of course mixed 3bet frequencies with QQ and AK. Delaware Michigan Nevada New Jersey PennsylvaniaNov 16, 2021. We call on the BTN with two cards. Open up your range a little bit when abusing an under the gun. We know that our opponent folds 75% of the time to 3bets. . Against (4) you add most of your lower range. If you’re at a table with competent people who will. However, found below is another possible starting hand range chart that satisfies the ~15%. you open UTG - you're generally not going to have stuff like 97s or KTo. Then reducing to 3x for HJ, 2. In the following lessons you will find the preflop ranges for each position in a NL 6-max game. 6-max preflop opening ranges. WangIee • 3 yr. Button. Range = “The entire selection of possible hands our opponent might hold” Lets suppose that player is a tight opponent and decides he wants to open-raise UTG. There's a difference in the opponents ranges, but the key concept is there. , 7-8-9) Etc. Too hard to get paid off most of. MenuSo, without further adieu, here are the range charts for 6-max ZOOM. For example, if we open from UTG and face a raise from a player in the CO, we can expect to be facing a tight 3-betting range given the strength of our own opening range. Then reducing to 3x for HJ, 2. If our opponents are making big mistakes postflop this allows us to expand the range of hands, we open-raise on the button. In the blinds I will complete the SB if limped ONLY with 77-22 and ATs - A2s, otherwise I play as if UTG. (6max cash games) Villain’s 3-bet suggests a strong range, though it should contain a number of bluffs for balance: Red = 3-bet, Pink = 3-bet or fold, Orange/red = 3-bets or calls. 8% of hands, we can shove 22. - what is — mathematically — the exact number of bluff combos we need to balance our UTG value 4. There the open raise range and calling range of a TAG is far looser than the corresponding ranges of a nit. ButtonFor example, when the big blind defends facing a super tight UTG open and the flop comes , we can say that the big blind might have a range advantage, because the BB can flop everything on this. But playing a hand with positional advantage would suggest that we would want to play bigger pots. CryptoBusiness, Economics, and Finance. That already increases the number of charts significantly. One such position is called “Under the Gun,” commonly referred to as UTG. I have heard from others that fold A9s and worse UTG, but open 54s+. Open all hands in blue when UTG at 2. This strategy often prevails against opening and folding in tough games, even when playing as deep as 20 big blinds. . K6s from UTG in an eight-handed situation is probably a little loose, I likely would be folding that UTG and maybe start opening that in full in the LJ/HJ. CO. Think about your opponent's range. We use poker hand grids to visualize ranges. He does not distinguish UTG through HJ, he includes them all in one grouping “early position”. Tournaments are quite different. 6 times 6 is 36. 9%) WITH WORST OPEN ds ss r % Dealt % of RFI AA 100% 100% 100 2. Number of hands >= 1000. 5% of hands UTG, 99 has 50% equity. HJ 3bet range. Consisting of contents ranging from bankroll suggestions to poker preflop charts to pot odds charts and hand range charts, this incredible resource has. 2. On the podcast Jack and I frequently discuss our own ranges and our opponent's ranges. So if you open 15% utg in 6 max you would look to open 10-12% 9 handed. then i recognized that the better regs. Flop ($47): 8♠ 5 ♦ 4♠ Hijack checks. Range advantage on the flop is the most important factor that allows us to range bet the flop. Its like being utg in a game where the bb also has the btn. 05/$0. Opponents will exploit us by 3-betting wide. Open raise range: Open raise: 55+, ATs+, KJs+, AJo+, KJo+ (11%, #144) Next steps. If it's a heads up pot I think flatting low-mid suited connectors and gappers from the SB vs UTG open is too wide unless you think UTG is a calling station. The three first positions to act, UTG (Under the Gun), UTG+1 & UTG+2 don’t exist in 6-max, which means we only have players to act before the two blinds. AA, KK, and AKo are not in the SB RFI vs BB 3bet range. -3. I have heard from others that fold A9s and worse UTG, but open 54s+. CO (Cutoff). If called, you will likely be out of position for the rest of the hand. (FWIW, vs a 2. 8% + Open Sizing 4x; This range means we can never get into trouble. . RegretsZ •. Villain checks, I bet $100, UTG3 calls, CO folds, and Villain check-raises to $400. Smith's range at the CO can consist of 67s 910s K9 A9(we block that combo) J10, a lot of marginal hands can be defending 2nd in position to a UTG raise; Daniel's range is not gonna consist of a lot of 8x 9x unless its either 88 99s or A9s therefore not only did he not improve on the turn but the chances of his opponent actually have a high is much higher. 2 BB UTG with Ad Td bottom of my UTG open range Folds to BB (~40 BB) who calls Flop Ah Jd 5d BB checks Pot is 7. CryptoIt's been some time, but I 'll try to recreate it. When you are in the. When playing micro stakes, some coaches advocate a 4x UTG open raise. UTG1 jamming range. $25 NLHE 6-max: Zone: Villain Full House over My Rivered Flush. UTG has a tight linear Linear A range construction that consists of the top-down strongest hands. Ranges logically narrow as we get further into a hand, but having good preflop ranges and understanding the approximate ranges of the players we're up against is essential to analyzing the later streets. If you are playing in a 9-handed game, try to open only about 10 percent of the starting hands in the UTG position. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. I feel like I always look like a super tight player, but I still get called all over the place when I do raise a hand. UTG1 jamming range. ' Under the gun ' (or 'UTG') refers to the position to the immediate left of the big blind in flop games like Texas hold'em and Omaha poker. Quote: When there’s a straddle (or a third-blind) in the game you’re playing, make the following adjustments to your pre-flop strategy: Use a smaller open size when the pre-flop SPR is low. Critique my opening ranges for live 1/2. Get every open-raising range for live #poker according to the GTO solver. Preflop Opening Ranges. It is fairly intuitive how our range changes as positions change–we play looser as we and the open-raiser get closer to the button–but let’s run through a couple more examples. What are the odds he has a pair 9, 10, JJ, QQ, KK, AA if we use his utg opening range? comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. A normal sb open strategy assumes that there is only the bb behind you, but opening the sb in btn straddle game means you are opening into the field so it is more like an utg open, although even tighter. Before we go into these ranges, let us consider the scenario where another player has called the raise in front of you. SB's 3bet range vs BTN. Choose hands that play well when the pre-flop SPR is low. He does not distinguish UTG through HJ, he includes them all in one grouping “early position”. Couplant H - High temperature couplant that can be used in open environments at temperatures up to 950°F. Its like being utg in a game where the bb also has the btn. Shuffle up and deal! Official subreddit for all things poker. Vs a loose player, i'm 3betting way more. opening 55+/98s/AJo+ UTG at a live cash game. •Open to 2. 244% need so clarification. Fold everything else. You're losing with 98s and 65s but not 76s and 87s not because you're a master of playing with a 7 in your hand but mostly because of variance. UTG+1 and UTG+2 will open ranges somewhere in the middle of these two extremes. In the 1-2/1-3 NLH games I play where you almost never face a 3-bet, KQo is a fine UTG open bc you almost always see a flop with no resistance. While some casinos allow a player to position, the most common form of straddle comes from the player who’s Under-the-Gun. Equity calculation means the percentage of the time you'll win, likeliness is about probabilities and the fact that the cards have no memory. All groups were applied as well! This is only a copy. com EN English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية Unknown1/2 live game Hero has ~$210 (new to table first orbit) UTG makes it $10, two callers, hero looks at QTss and calls, BB calls as well 5 ways to flop…Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like is UTG the tightest opening range there is in the set?, AKo-A9o correct, is K5s part of the range and more. If the. GUIDE Raising First In (RFI) Welcome to Upswing Poker. An UTG open-raise is already pretty narrow. I'll give ya a tip though 98. Should you be using solved preflop ranges that come from a GTO solver? In this episode, coach “w34z3l” reviews some of the GTO ranges you’ll find in our new. Raise to 4x the big blind. So if I create a filter or am looking at a hands list by position, I want to be able to visualize the range of hands in that list and also export it in the standard {55+, A2s+, K9s+, Q9s+, J9s+, T8s+, 98s, 87s, 76s, ATo+, KQo} format. Probably in the 35%+ range if you are opening up from LP. All this while figuring out what of his range. 5x (at 500/1000/100) from UTG with pocket tens. 6-Max Implementable GTO Charts. Flatting can't be good here can it? His utg range imo is AK, 66+ and maybe AQs. This video reviews each GTO-approved preflop opening range, from a tight 9% UTG. com! 'Under The Gun' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's. You can deduce a 30% preflop open-raising range by removing a few hands from that 33% range. Also I think your open range is a bit too wide from UTG with these stack depths, especially if you’re going to fold tighter than this range I’ve given. Make the perfect preflop play, everytime. I don't have my stats with me and I wanted to go redefine all my ranges. Opening differs by position: Full ring UTG to MP about 3 bb first in, if you have limpers before you add 1 bb, so if you have one limper before you raise to 4 bb After MP, so for HJ, CO, Button. This may surprise some people who think that deeper stacks mean wider ranges, which is a misconception. ] MP Open Raising Range. The reason we cold-call only 55+ is because we have 3 players behind who may decide to squeeze . 56s won’t flop a strong-value hand often enough to justify battling UTG’s hand, which is probably pretty good. Take the quiz and test your understanding of this lesson. Hero… Let’s break down your range into 2 parts: value bets and potential bluffs. When someone has open raised in front of us, we have the decision to 3-bet (reraise), call or fold. Hero is playing without proper BRM Do I 3-bet pre in this situation or…1/2 live game Hero has ~$210 (new to table first orbit) UTG makes it $10, two callers, hero looks at QTss and calls, BB calls as well 5 ways to flop…Hero (~190 BB) opens to 3. Cut-Off folds. This is a pretty tight range and am thinking it may be too tight. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. The first point you're missing is that equity calculation against an UTG opening range has nothing to do with the fact that these hands are equally likely to be dealt. There is a straightforward rule to follow when playing from under the gun, and that’s being very tight. I love the game of poker, but I don't take it…Playing . I’d actually take it. We generally need a stronger range pushing from Under the Gun due to the fact that if someone does call you, they are generally going to have a stronger range due to you also having a tighter / stronger range. For example on a A high flop if you are against 1 opponent you can still have reasonable hopes they don't have an A, but against 2 opponents it becomes tricky2. 66) MP: ($51. Against passive opponents (2) your 4b of QQ+ and AK is fine. Fold everything else. Because of this your button opening range in a straddled pot should be closer to your cut-off opening range than your typical button range. Preflop Cash Game Poker Made Easy. Preflop spot with AQss 1/2, UTG ($250) $15, UTG1 ($800) $45, MP ($800) cold calls, Hero ($800) BTN ? Spoiler: results in…I was recently taught by a winning reg that the following is a default, close to GTO opening range from MP in a full ring game. This is because our equity realization versus an early position open is far worse than versus a late position open. 1:30 You have A♣ 9♣ from the CO vs a UTG open, call, 3-bet or fold?. The same goes for UTG+1 (i. The correct 6-max poker strategy is to play looser than you would in a full ring game (open 20% of hands) and make more bluffs and wider call downs. 8,000 Chip Effective Stacks. You shouldn't be 3 bet bluffing here I assume because of all the players left to act behind you and UTGs range being very strong. UTG opening range. The reason for these larger-than-normal recommended open-sizes is because the range of hands that will call an open-raise in the micro stakes is much higher than as you move up. Speed poker opening range strategy by position: Under the Gun (UTG): VPIP 11. Poker hand ranges can also be presented in the form of range strands. While these offsuit broadway type hands play very well in a late position battle they are often going to run into trouble when opening from an early position. IMHO: Yes on any double suited flop (or to a lesser degree double suited turn) you must consider the flush possibility. This video reviews each GTO-approved preflop opening range, from a tight 9% UTG ran. So, when you see players, in the long run (over than 1000 thousands hands of sample. * QQ is way ahead of UTG opening range, so you want to get value right now * if more people will see the flop, it gets more likely your hand becomes 2nd best. - 3-Bet bluff with hands at the bottom of my range when players open-raise in late position (i. AJo is 100% open and KTo is a pure fold. 5% and flatting just 1. Guessing exact cards is next to impossible in poker, so good players estimate the range of cards an opponent likely holds. Furthermore, the more people there are left to act, the more. For example, if UTG is the open raiser, the seven remaining players at the table all face this decision, with the ranges for each position being different. if you open on the button and villain flats from the BB, he's generally not going to have any high end pp since he 3-bets those hands PF. Passive Table Range (UTG-UTG+2) 22+/AJ+/KQ I use this range in passive $2/$5 games against opponents that don’t 3-bet enough. The first position I will discuss is the earliest one there is, namely Under. There are two common approaches when it comes to RFI size: Raise to the same size from every position (except the Small Blind). ATo is mixed in my RFI UTG range. Business, Economics, and Finance. To determine the "tight regular" set the following filters: Opponent is a regular. d3adly_canuck • part-time fish • 5 yr. BTN Open Raising Range. When you 3-bet. I raise all of the pockets pairs because the hands generally go multi-way and I feel that my opponents will make poor decisions when I flop a set. Hijack. This is the tightest of all of the starting ranges, and using our notations from above, this range can be represented as 77+,. 3 Bet & continue: KK+, some AK (may find tight fold to 4 bet vs uber nit) 3 Bet & fold to 4 Bet: AQ, AJ, KQ, QQ-99 (assuming nothing suspect. Vs next orbit. Increase the. . In an exploitative way, if UTG is an hardcore ultra nit, I would flat most of the time, and if UTG is opening quite. CryptoFirst hand villain is utg and 12/7/1 through 230 hands, I'm in the bb with JJ. Like AQ. But if the board is more like 8-7-4, all one suit, then suddenly all the UTG player’s suited “flushing” combinations become unblocked. If UTG +1 3-bets. 5 blinds of dead money in the pot, a relatively wide opening range is. 3bets get folded to a lot at these games and when he flats my raise I doubt he's flatting AA,KK. The expression string is left empty, since we have already. In this analysis, we find that the historically best UTG combination of opening size and range for your average micro six max player is: opening to 3x with 22+, A9s+, KJs+, QJs, and AQ+. I fold! Best case I'm at 52% vs overs, other wise I'm at 18% vs over pair. V2 (MP) plays a bit wider…A hand range is a set of hands that a player might hold. Thats like 20%-25% PFR from UTG at a full ring game. UTG Open Raising Range [Note: These are suggested open raises from each position at the table. This may seem high, but with just one player to get through and 1. 45 Folds to UTG who flats Flop comes down 3d 4s 10h Villain…Business, Economics, and Finance. Same positions as last time: Under the Gun (UTG) and UTG+1; UTG+2 and Lojack; Hijack; Cutoff and Button; Small Blind Look at UTG open range. PioViewer shows the UTG Open range at 50bb for 6-Max NL Hold'em. I open CO with 88 to 2. UTG Open range. Here it is where the problem arrives. Against a strong range ( UTG doesnt usually open shit ), I would mix it between calling and raising with PP8+. Miller, along with many others, suggests a mostly static opening range early, and more dynamic in late position. We raise from under the gun (UTG) and the big blind (BB) defends. We have a strong opening range and when 4xing it we. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. (Assume that I’m multi-tabling, don’t really have enough time and energy. We can't be too tight if we're playing 6max. IMHO: Yes on any double suited flop (or to a lesser degree double suited turn) you must consider the flush possibility. e. Hero is Cutoff with AdAc with a stack of 3. 16 is about 200 combos. A commonly agreed-upon number of poker hands to open from the Lojack position (UTG in a 6max game) is around 15% of possible starting hands. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. If there are fish in the blinds you might choose to open looser from early-position, because if these players call. UTg raise $9 Hero 3bet $30 JJh SB Call UTG raise all in $100 exact Hero call, SB call . Bet small (25-35% pot) on dry, static board textures. The three first positions to act, UTG (Under the Gun), UTG+1 & UTG+2 don’t exist in 6-max, which means we only have players to act before the two blinds. I call, right away, is Poker after all! :icon_thumBusiness, Economics, and Finance. UTG opens is 99+,AQs+ pokerstove says UTG 34. SB BTN Cut-Off Hi-Jack Lo-Jack UTG +3 UTG +2 UTG +1 UTG. Miller, along with many others, suggests a mostly static opening range early, and more dynamic in late position. Feel free to download them by clicking on the images. We. Use these preflop charts when playing at a 6-handed table 100bbs deep against tough opponents with no ante. Open raise range Range: 55+, ATs+, KTs+, QTs+, J9s+, T8s+, 97s+, 87s, 76s, AJo+, KQo (#176 / 13%) Open raise size: 3BB 4-Bet size: 22BB against < 9BB 3-bet and 24 BB against > 10BB 3-bet Against a 3-bet from MP Defending range: JJ+, AQ+, KQ (#72) Call: AsAc, KdKh, KdKs, KdKc, AhKd, AsKd, AsKh, AcKd, AcKh, AcKs, QQ-JJ, AQs+, KQs (#34) 4-Bet/Fold: GUIDE Raising First In (RFI) Welcome to Upswing Poker. I probably 3b and fold to a 4b, or flat and see what everyone else does. I assume we are 4-betting QQ+, AKo, AKs, and it should be 34 combos or 2. Let's say UTG makes it 2. These are Ed Miller’s live ranges. VPIP <= 17. Underground game. 2)For example, let us suppose that as standard, people are opening from UTG 15% of hands at 6-MAX Cash Tables. This situation came up multiple times for me last night in a deep stack 1/3 nl game full ring ten handed holdem. Thinking about what players have in the form of a range is valuable because it allows you to think about all of the possibilities of a hand. The most common mistake players make when opening from UTG is to open hands like ATo and KJo. 50 . We are also aware that their opening range from UTG is a lot stronger than average. Etc. If you don’t have a flat range, 3bet 77 at btn vs standard utg open range would be like you open A9o at utg. You need to make sure you are making it big enough with both value and bluffs that players will fold. 5 and 10 MHz) may be used up to approximately 175° C or 350° F. What are the odds he has a pair 9, 10, JJ, QQ, KK, AA if we use his utg opening range? comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. Number of hands >= 1000. Player B decides to 3 bet bluff. Get every open-raising range for live #poker according to the GTO solver. Say you have a hand like A3o, facing an early position open. Free. Not that different than base UTG open. See the graphic where “early” and the blinds are listed together. I think a bit and call, UTG3 folds. We. 235K subscribers in the poker community. ago. Early position (UTG & UTG+1) Middle position (MP1 & MP2) Hi-Jack. CryptoUTG open-raises to 3bb. The former is able to exert a lot of pressure on the latter by doing so. Purple: Re-raise (3bet) range Blue: Cold calling range. re SB play. MP folds. It allows you to trim the fat or figure out spots where you can reallocate hands in your range to capitalize on opponent leaks. This is a result of the MTT-specific factors listed above. 37%. BB: posts big blind $1 . Congratulations on taking a step towards playing winning poker! You have just downloaded the very first piece of winning. Not only does it have all spots, but at all stack depths. Then I list position and the lowest opening hand I've observed open raising, 3 betting/4 betting. MP $1/$2 $100 bet cap ( its stupid ik) . 15 comments. In these scenarios no one has raised yet. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. There's GTO strategy for heads up to 9 handed and everything in between, for a wide variety of stack depths. Rarely more than that coming from a nit. Opening AQ from UTG does nothing on this front, it is already assumed to be in your UTG open range. We also indicate a specific stat open raise from the button in Custom Stat Reports. CryptoWhen you are facing an open, generally you should continue with a stronger range than the opener. Tournament. 5% range). I raise all of the pockets pairs because the hands generally go multi-way and I feel that my opponents will make poor decisions when I flop a set. What range you can profitably 4-bet or call a 4-bet with depends on your opponents’ ranges, which vary wildly by position. I'm sure at 1/2 against bad players that can be profitable, but there is absolutely no way that is optimal at a 9 or 10 handed table. It was not a cooler. First position is called UTG(Under the Gun). In the Cutoff position, even more hand combinations open up. BTN open-raise range. 25 is generally a pretty big edge). Not sure what you're trying to say here. CryptoAny feed back on which hands you would add or drop from the ranges, please share your opinion.